Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric determination of certain diuretics in pure forms and in their pharmaceutical formulations

Three Simple and selective spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods were developed for the quantitative determination of certain diuretics [bendroflumethiazide, benzthiazide, chlorthalidone, clopamide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide and xipamide] in pure forms as well as in their pharmaceutical formulations through their hydroxamate formation and subsequent complexation with iron [method I], reaction with potassium ferricyanide [method II] and reaction with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan [method III]. The conditions for different reactions were studied and optimized. The methods have been validated and successfully applied to the analysis of bulk drugs and their tablets with good recoveries ranging from 97.93 [ +/- 1.46] to 100.6 [ +/- 1.75] for method I. 98.49 [ +/- 1.43] to 99.86 [ +/- 0.87] for method II, and 98.98 [ +/- 1.11] to 99.90 [ +/- 0.86] for method III. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical adjuvants. The results obtained compare well with those of reported methods

Pattern of renal diseases among elderly Egyptians patients with acute or chronic reanal diseases in Ain Shams University and Nasser Institute Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt

This study among elderly renal Egyptian patients [n = 220] with only 20 of them were subjected to renal biopsy. Results showed: diabetic nephropathy in 28.2%, hypertensive nephrosclerosis 25.5%, UTI, cystitis and pyelonephritis in 6.8%, renal stones in 5.9%, obstructive uropathy in 7.6%, simple cysts in 4.5%, CRF of unknown origin in 13.1%, and others in 26.4%. DM and HTN were S related to kidney function tests and increase in elderly. Other cardiovascular risk factors and smoking are reported by previous workers to be HS related to renal diseases. Age was significantly related to GFR, BUN and Cr. but sex difference was not significantly related to renal diseases. Multiple myeloma, lupus nephritis, vasculitis and hepatitis B were all recorded in few numbers of elderly Egyptians. HCV was more common and more likely to cause renal diseases. Abdomino-pelvic ultrasound was confirmatory to clinical renal diseases diagnosis. Among patients [n = 20] biopsies showed focal necrotizing GN in 20%, membranous nephropathy in 50% and renal amyloidosis in 30%. CTIN was associated in some cases due to NSAID intake. Analgesic nephropathy was a common problem that might lead to ARF in some cases especially in the elderly. Ultrasound results among the biopsy group were confirmatory to clinical diagnosis.